Purposes Decorative and spiritual uses File:Jaipuri tribal hand tattoo.jpg The Polynesian practice became popular among European sailors, before spreading to Western societies generally. Tattooing in the Western world today has its origins in Polynesia, and in the discovery of tatau by eighteenth century explorers.
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Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes. Tattooing in Japan is thought to go back to the Paleolithic era, some ten thousand years ago. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars ( 54 BC). The Picts were famously tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts. Other mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered, such as the Mummy of Amunet from Ancient Egypt and the mummies at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau. Ötzi the Iceman, dating from the fourth to fifth millennium BC, was found in the Ötz valley in the Alps and had approximately 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle. Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since around Neolithic times. History File:Scythian tatoo.jpgĪ tattoo on the right arm of a Scythian chieftain, whose mummy was discovered at Pazyryk, Russia Main article: History of tattooing The anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names of tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid. In Taiwan, facial tattoos of the Atayal tribe are named " Badasun" they are used to demonstrate that an adult man can protect his homeland, and that an adult woman is qualified to weave cloth and perform housekeeping. Japanese may use the word "tattoo" to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing.
The most common word used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. The Japanese word irezumi means "insertion of ink" and can mean tattoos using tebori, the traditional Japanese hand method, a Western-style machine, or for that matter, any method of tattooing using insertion of ink. Flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, a notable instance of industrial design. The latter usage is gaining greater support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs. Tattoo enthusiasts may refer to tattoos as "Ink", "Tats", "Art", "Pieces", or "Work" and to the tattooists as "Artists". Sailors on later voyages introduced both the word and reintroduced the concept of tattooing to Europe. In Tahitian, tatu." The word tatau was introduced as a loan word into English, the pronunciation being changed to conform to English phonology as "tattoo". The OED gives the etymology of tattoo as "In 18th c.
Despite some taboos surrounding tattooing, the art continues to be popular in many parts of the world. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples and among certain tribal groups in the Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Mentawai Islands, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan, Cambodia, New Zealand and Micronesia. Today one can find Berbers of Tamazgha (North Africa), Māori of New Zealand, and Atayal of Taiwan with facial tattoos. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, traditionally wore facial tattoos. Tattoos on humans are a type of decorative body modification, while tattoos on animals are most commonly used for identification or branding.
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Japanese wrestler with full body tattoos (c.1800s)Ī tattoo is a cosmetic technique marking made by inserting indelible ink into the layers of skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons. A Māori Chief with tattoos ( moko) seen by Cook and his crew File:Roshi Ensei lifting a heavy beam.jpg
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